Reference

Christopher Southgate addresses the challenge posed to monotheistic religious beliefs by the existence of animal suffering. His work, particularly in "Monotheism and the Suffering of Animals in Nature," delves into how the suffering of non-human creatures fits within the framework of a monotheistic belief system that typically asserts the existence of a good and loving God.

Southgate argues against the idea that animal suffering can be attributed to fallen states, whether human or angelic. Instead, he posits that animal suffering needs to be considered seriously within theological discussions. He introduces the idea that God experiences and suffers alongside His creation, embracing a form of "evolutionary theodicy." This concept suggests that evolutionary processes, which inherently involve suffering, do not negate the nature of a benevolent deity but rather show a God who is present in the midst of suffering.

For more detailed information, you might find his book "Monotheism and the Suffering of Animals in Nature" useful. Here are some sources for further reading:

• Cambridge University Press
• Barnes & Noble
• PDF excerpt