Reference

The Cynics adopted several philosophical views from Heraclitus, particularly his concepts related to nature and unity of opposites.

Key Influences:

1. Living in Accordance with Nature:

   • Heraclitus: Heraclitus emphasized the idea that everything in the universe is subject to constant change and that true understanding comes from recognizing this flux.
   • Cynics: The Cynics, notably Diogenes, adopted the principle of living in harmony with nature, rejecting artificial social conventions and material excess. They saw virtue and happiness as attainable by understanding and aligning with natural processes.

2. Unity of Opposites:

   • Heraclitus: According to Heraclitus, opposites are interconnected, and everything is a form of harmony created through tension and conflict.
   • Cynics: While the Cynics were practical in their philosophy, avoiding metaphysical speculation, the notion of embracing life's natural states, including hardships and challenges, reflects Heraclitean influence. They saw virtue in austerity and self-sufficiency, which often emerged from dealing with life's opposites like pleasure and pain.

3. Contempt for Conventional Values:

   • Heraclitus: He had a critical stance towards societal norms, advocating for a deeper understanding of the logos (universal principle).
   • Cynics: Reflecting this anti-conventional stance, the Cynics openly scorned societal values and promoted living a life of virtue by challenging and discarding unnecessary societal norms.

Illustrations:

For more detailed information, you can visit the following sources:

• Heraclitus - Wikipedia
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Heraclitus
• Cynicism (philosophy) - Wikipedia