Reference

During the Late Medieval period, spanning approximately from 1250 to 1500 AD, several significant empires and powerful states dominated different regions. Here are some of the notable entities from that time:

1. The Mongol Empire: This was one of the largest contiguous empires in history, which at its height, included vast parts of Asia and Europe. Under leaders like Möngke Khan, the Mongol Empire controlled much of Eurasia, facilitating trade and cultural exchange across regions.

2. The Byzantine Empire: Despite enduring several challenges, the Byzantines continued to be a significant force in the Eastern Mediterranean until its fall in 1453.

3. The Ottoman Empire: Rising from a small Anatolian beylik, the Ottoman Empire grew rapidly during the Late Medieval period, conquering the remnants of the Byzantine Empire and expanding into Southeast Europe, parts of the Middle East, and North Africa.

4. The Holy Roman Empire: Comprising a complex arrangement of territories in Central Europe, it played a vital role in European politics and the church during this period.

5. The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: Both of these kingdoms were significant powers in Western Europe, engaged in numerous conflicts with each other, most famously the Hundred Years' War.

6. The Tsardom of Russia: As the Mongol influence waned, the rise of powerful states in Russia, primarily under the leadership of Moscow, set the foundation for what would eventually become a unified Russian state.

These empires and states collectively influenced trade, politics, and culture during the Late Medieval period, shaping the history and development of their regions. For visual reference, here are some maps depicting the geopolitical landscape during this era:

For further detailed reading, you can visit these sources:

• The Late Middle Ages and Europe (1250-1500) - Guest Hollow
• 25 Medieval Empires - Medievalists.net

These resources provide insight into the dynamics and characteristics of each empire and kingdom during the Late Medieval period.