Reference

Razavi Khorasan Province, situated in northeastern Iran, is home to several notable ancient castles and fortifications that have historical significance:

1. Atashgah Castle: Located 12 km northwest of Kashmar city, this castle is a remnant from the Sasanian Empire. Historically significant, it was prominent in ancient times. Nearby, a large cave exists, suggesting its strategic importance source.

2. Nishtifan Fortresses: Famous for its collection of historical windmills, these fortresses are situated in the city of Nishtifan, 20 kilometers southwest of Khaf. The structures are primarily made of clay, brick, and wood, representing one of the largest collections of such architecture in Iran source.

3. Robat Sharaf Caravanserai (Castle): Positioned between Mashhad and Sarakhs, this structure is reminiscent of a castle with interior palace-like designs. Dating back to the Seljuk era under Sultan Sanjar, it was completed in 1154, highlighting its historical and architectural value source.

These sites illustrate the architectural and historical heritage of the Razavi Khorasan region, showcasing various eras from the Sasanian to the Seljuk period.