Reference

Cell signaling and signal transduction involve a complex network of pathways that enable cells to respond to their environment, communicate with each other, and regulate various cellular processes. There are several key signaling pathways involved in cell signaling and signal transduction, including:

1. MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathway: This pathway is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It's activated by growth factors, hormones, and other stimuli (Source: Thermo Fisher Scientific).
2. PI3K/Akt pathway: This pathway regulates cell survival, growth, and metabolism. It's activated by growth factors, insulin, and other stimuli (Source: Tocris Bioscience).
3. JAK/STAT pathway: This pathway is involved in immune responses, cell growth, and differentiation. It's activated by cytokines and growth factors (Source: Khan Academy).
4. NF-κB pathway: This pathway regulates inflammation, immune responses, and cell survival. It's activated by cytokines, growth factors, and other stimuli (Source: Nature).
5. Notch signaling pathway: This pathway regulates cell fate decisions, differentiation, and survival. It's activated by cell-cell interactions and ligand binding (Source: Wikipedia).
6. Wnt/β-catenin pathway: This pathway regulates cell fate decisions, differentiation, and survival. It's activated by Wnt ligands and Frizzled receptors (Source: NCBI).
7. TGF-β signaling pathway: This pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, and survival. It's activated by TGF-β ligands and receptors (Source: ScienceDirect).

These pathways often interact and crosstalk with each other, forming complex networks that regulate various cellular processes. Understanding these pathways is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of cell signaling and signal transduction.

Here's an image illustrating some of the key signaling pathways involved in cell signaling and signal transduction:

Image: Signal transduction pathways

Source: Wikipedia