The Mongol Empire and its successors had a profound impact on Central Asian history. The empire, established by Genghis Khan, was the largest contiguous land empire in history, covering vast territories across Asia and extending into Europe and the Middle East. The political unification under the Mongols facilitated active trade and the transfer and resettlement of artists and craftsmen along the main routes, as noted by The Metropolitan Museum of Art [1]. The empire's rule also led to the creation of a relatively peaceful and secure environment across the Eurasian continent, which was conducive to trade and cultural exchange.

The successors of the Mongol Empire, such as the Chagatai Khanate, continued to influence the region. For instance, the Chagatai empire was notable for its continuous attempts to conquer India by way of Afghanistan and the Punjab Plain, as mentioned in Britannica [2]. The Mongols' rule also had significant effects on the local populations and economies. In some areas, such as China, the Mongol conquest and occupation were devastating for agriculture, with large parts of the rural population being killed or enslaved, as indicated by the Richmond Fed [3].

Moreover, the Mongol Empire played a significant role in the history of the Silk Roads, as highlighted by UNESCO [4]. By maintaining order across these trade routes, the Mongols repressed banditry and encouraged the growth of new trading centers, which was central to the khans' power [5].

In summary, the Mongol Empire and its successors left a lasting legacy on Central Asian history through their influence on trade, culture, and the geopolitical landscape of the region. Their rule shaped the course of history in ways that are still felt today, from the spread of technology and ideas to the formation of new political entities.