Reference

Cadmium has been shown to have inhibitory effects on the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the release of cytokines, which are crucial for immune responses. According to various studies, cadmium can suppress the proliferation of PBMCs and decrease the production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). This suppression can lead to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to infections. However, the inhibitory effects of cadmium can be reversed by the presence of zinc and selenium salts, which suggests a potential protective role of these elements against cadmium-induced immunotoxicity. The images provided in the search results further illustrate the impact of cadmium on PBMCs and cytokine production, showing graphical representations and cellular responses to cadmium exposure. For more detailed information, refer to the studies cited in the search results, such as the one published in "Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science" [https://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/35/2/115.full] and "ResearchGate" [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7799587_Inhibitory_effects_of_cadmium_on_peripheral_blood_mononuclear_cell_proliferation_and_cytokine_release_are_reversed_by_zinc_and_selenium_salts].