Reference

Leila Tarazi Fawaz, in her book "An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860," explores the numerous factors leading to the civil conflict in these areas. This conflict, primarily between the local Druze and Christians in Mount Lebanon, eventually spilled over into Damascus.

Here are the primary causes and events leading to the conflict as discussed by Fawaz:

1. Sectarian Tensions: The conflict was rooted in long-standing sectarian tensions between the Druze and Christian communities in the region. The socio-political landscape in Mount Lebanon was characterized by divisions that were exacerbated by economic disparities and political maneuvering.

2. Ottoman Administrative Changes: The Ottoman Empire implemented various administrative changes in the mid-19th century aimed at modernizing the empire, which contributed to political instability. These changes sometimes disrupted traditional power balances and favored certain communities, increasing resentment among others.

3. European Influence: European powers had vested interests in the region and often exacerbated local tensions by supporting different factions. For instance, France was often seen as a protector of the Christians, while the British were perceived as supporting Druze leaders.

4. Social and Economic Strains: Economic hardships, partly due to changes in trade routes and local agriculture, added to social tensions. Mount Lebanon's economy had been under strain, affecting both elite power structures and common people's livelihoods.

5. Immediate Triggers: Specific incidents and provocations led to the outbreak of violence. According to various historical narratives, a series of skirmishes and retaliatory attacks between rural Christian and Druze groups culminated in wider conflict.

The conflict in 1860 is considered one of the most severe sectarian outbreaks in the history of Ottoman Syria and Lebanon. It resulted in significant loss of life and prompted interventions by foreign powers.

You can find more detailed insights by accessing Fawaz's book online via Archive.org. Here's an image of the book if you're interested in the cover.